A STEP BEYOND TESTS AND ANSWERSTEST 1
_____ 1. The first member of the Joad family whom we meet is
A. Ma, getting ready to serve dinner
B. Tom, just released from state prison
C. Grampa, drawing circles in the dirt
_____ 2. One of the famous examples of symbolism in the novel is the episode of the
A. selling of the furniture
B. swarming of the locusts
C. turtle crossing the road
_____ 3. Jim Casy had given up preaching because
A. he had been caught stealing church funds
B. he had lost the calling
C. his congregation had melted away
_____ 4. In her first and last meeting with Tom, Ma Joad
A. stroked his face
B. kissed and blessed him
C. asked, "Tom, how is it gonna end?"
_____ 5. Grampa's death symbolically followed
A. the meeting of the family council
B. his removal from his home
C. the breakdown of their truck
_____ 6. An Ominous sign of what lay ahead for the Joads in California came
A. from the Wilsons
B. in Rose of Sharon's dream
C. from the ragged man at the camp
_____ 7. When the family started to break up, the first to go was
A. the oldest son, Noah
B. sixteen-year-old Al
C. Connie, Rose of Sharon's husband
_____ 8. Tom was saved from arrest when the blame for assaulting the deputy was accepted by
A. Jim Casy
B. Ivy Wilson
C. Ezra Huston
_____ 9. Steinbeck's attempt at a Christ figure is personified by
A. Tom Joad
B. Pa Joad
C. Jim Casy
_____ 10. The landowners tried to upset the government camp because they
A. were afraid that the migrants would organize
B. wanted to encourage a "Turkey Shoot"
C. wanted the migrants to return home
11. Is Tom, Casy, or Ma the hero of The Grapes of Wrath? Or can no one person be singled out as the hero of the novel? Discuss.
12. Analyze the reasons for the Joad family's disintegration, referring specifically to the departure of four family members.
13. Casy says near the beginning of the story that he loves people so much he's "fit to bust." Show how he puts that feeling into action in the course of the novel.
14. How does The Grapes of Wrath enlarge on the conventional idea of a family? Identify two different families in the novel and discuss their contribution to any of the novel's principal themes.
15. Ma should be considered a failure because she did not accomplish what she set out to do- namely, keep her family together. Discuss.
11. You have plenty of options on this question because you can define a hero in several ways. Is a hero someone who lives according to a set of beliefs, maybe even dies for his principles? If so, then Casy would have to be your choice.
If you say a hero must be a tower of strength and protector of the weak, use Ma.
Tom qualifies if you think that his effort to change others as well as his willingness to change himself gives him heroic stature.
But if a hero must possess the quality normally associated with "heroism"- i.e., [فقط كسانی ميتوانند لينكها را مشاهده كنند كه عضو سايت باشند. ] courage- all three would do. It takes courage to go on and on like Ma. Tom bravely defends Floyd and takes up Casy's cause in spite of the danger to himself. Casy sacrifices himself, first for Tom and then for the strikers.
12. Crises sometimes bring people together. But not the Joads. Their crisis was too deep and went on too long to keep the group closely knit.
Dissolution starts almost immediately after the Joads get on the road. Death claims Grampa and then Granma. Breaking their ties to the land and to each other almost guarantees the old couple's demise. They can't be expected to adapt to the Joads' new way of life.
Lack of will sends Noah down the river, and Connie gives in to fear. Both lacked the backbone of the rest of the family.
Casy leaves for jail in order to save Tom. Later, Tom leaves to save himself. Neither really had a choice. Casy sacrificed himself because he needed to find purpose in life, as well as to demonstrate his love of people. Tom went away so he wouldn't be taken away.
Al's departure has nothing to do with courage or cowardice. He simply wanted to [فقط كسانی ميتوانند لينكها را مشاهده كنند كه عضو سايت باشند. ].
13. What is love, anyway? Casy would probably say that you can't define it, but you certainly can demonstrate it. He shows his love for people by doing things for them. His expressions of love almost always involve some self-sacrifice. It could be a relatively minor deed, as when he allows Granma to talk him into saying grace. Praying makes him feel like a hypocrite, but he'll do it for Granma.
Leading the strike at Hooper Ranch is an act of love, too. He ignores the perils of organizing workers because he knows that a successful strike will change the people's lives.
In a sense, kicking the kneeling deputy in the back of the neck was a loving act, too, since its purpose was to save Floyd from being shot. Finally, what else but love could have led Casy to let himself, instead of Tom, be arrested?
Near the beginning of the story, Casy claims to love mankind, but he doesn't know how to show it. Ma Joad teaches him, however. Think of what Casy says after he hears that Ma cradled Granma's body all through the nightlong ride across the desert.
14. The most obvious family in the [فقط كسانی ميتوانند لينكها را مشاهده كنند كه عضو سايت باشند. ] is the Joads, all three generations of them, from Grampa to Winfield. The book tells the story of their flight from the Dust Bowl and their experiences in California. Their disintegration as a traditional family suggests what is happening to the whole society.
Then, you have the "Joads plus," consisting of the core family and others. Casy is adopted as a member. The Wilsons and Wainwrights become temporary partners. When families join with others, their chances of survival multiply. In that sense, the labor union is a type of family, too.
Ma Joad attains an even larger vision of "family." It includes "anybody." It is family unity and strength imparted to the whole human race, and is dramatically symbolized by [فقط كسانی ميتوانند لينكها را مشاهده كنند كه عضو سايت باشند. ] of Sharon's nursing of the dying stranger.
15. Failure is a slippery word. If all your efforts to achieve a goal come to absolutely nothing, is that failure? If you strive to reach a goal but end up with something different but equally worthy, is that failure? What if you end up with something better? You missed your goal, but did you fail? Answer such questions before you decide whether Ma Joad was a failure.
Another way to tackle this question is to ask whether Ma's dissolving family ever had a real chance to remain intact. Consider the roving of the migrants. Does instability breed more instability? Is there anything else that Ma could have done to keep the Joads together? If so, perhaps she did fail. If she did all that could be done, perhaps you'd have to draw another conclusion.
Finally, what does Ma herself think about losing her immediate family? At the end of the book she talks about "anybody" being part of the family. Would someone who thinks she's failed with a few people turn around and enfold all of Mankind in her arms?
A STEP BEYOND TESTS AND ANSWERSTEST 2
_____ 1. When Tom leaves, he is committed to
A. carrying on the work Jim Casy started
B. getting even with the cops who killed Casy
C. "stop beatin' my brains to death"
_____ 2. The "blue shriveled little mummy" was
A. Muley Graves
B. Rose of Sharon's baby
C. the starving little Winfield
_____ 3. Steinbeck's vivid message of the need for people to help each other is seen in the
I. building of the dam
II. stew given to the children
III. breast feeding of the stranger
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. I, II, and III
_____ 4. A principal feature of the book is the
I. growth of Tom Joad
II. movement from personal concerns to concerns for humanity
III. plea for rotation of crops
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. I, II, and III
_____ 5. Ma Joad gets her husband angry in order to
A. draw a lesson for the family
B. energize him
C. keep his mind off their economic plight
_____ 6. The character who was filled with guilt over the death of his young wife is
A. Noah
B. Uncle John
C. Mr. Wainwright
_____ 7. Ma Joad's great strength was seen in the episode of
A. Granma's death
B. the square dance at the government camp
C. the job at Weedpatch
_____ 8. The line we associate with Jim Casy is
A. "All that lives is holy"
B. "We make our church where our hearts are"
C. "I'll pray for you if you pray for me"
_____ 9. In the midst of their travels, the Joads were surprised to learn that
A. President Roosevelt was coming to their Hooverville
B. they were wanted by the police
C. they were looked upon as bums
_____ 10. The Grapes of Wrath is known as
I. a religious allegory
II. a sociological document
III. a novel of social protest
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
11. If you want to learn something about the union movement in America, The Grapes of Wrath is probably as good a book to read as any textbook on the subject. Would you go along with that statement? Explain.
12. Analyze in detail the personality of Tom Joad. is he as mean as he often seems? What redeeming qualities does he have, if any?
13. If you were the librarian of an American embassy abroad would you want The Grapes of Wrath on your shelves for foreigners to read? Explain why or why not.
14. Do you agree with some readers of The Grapes of Wrath who, when asked what the book was about, replied, "It's about hatred"?
15. The social problem that gave The Grapes of Wrath its impact has disappeared since 1939. Do you think the novel nevertheless has some universal or enduring qualities that make it relevant to contemporary life?
11. Both the main narrative and the interchapters of The Grapes of Wrath refer to labor unions and to the issues we commonly think of when labor and management collide; the rights of strikers; strike-breaking; the public interest; negotiating agreements. The account of the Hooper Ranch strike in Chapter 26 may help you locate additional strike-related matters.
In the book's pages you also find allusions to such practices as blacklisting and planting "stools" (stool-pigeons) among the workers. See Floyd's conversation with Tom at the Hooverville camp (Chapter 20) and the men's discussion at the Saturday night dance (Chapter 24) for more details.
The narrative sections of the novel show the book's characters engaged for better or worse in union talk and activity. The interchapters (especially Chapter 14) identify the conditions that seeded America's union movement.
A word of caution: the employers' point of view is missing from the novel.
12. Since he is one of the main characters in a long and complex book, Tom is likely to have more than one side to his personality. Look for personality changes. Do his actions and interests change during the course of the novel? He acts one way with the truck driver who gives him a lift and quite another when he meets Casy. He's thoughtful around the campfire with Muley and Casy, but he's a man of action when the deputy is about to arrest Floyd.
Much of the time he insults and denounces people- the truck driver, the fat service-station attendant, the one-eyed junkyard man, even his brother Al. Why? Certainly not to condemn them. He hopes to arouse their anger as a way to release them from self-pity. Angry men don't give up; they fight.
To help his family Tom breaks parole. He's up first in the morning to look for work. He's quick to defend Floyd and even quicker to avenge Casy. Afterward, he's in danger, but stays with his family, anyway. When he is forced to leave, he follows Casy's lead and champions the cause of the brotherhood of Man.
13. Decide whether your job is to keep up the image of the U.S. or to help foreigners understand our country.
In some respects, the U.S. is belittled in the novel. A land of opportunity it isn't- not when people can't find work, or when they starve and die. Moreover, in scene after scene, authorities abuse migrants. A place that permits oppression cannot be "a land of the free."
Note the differences between the federal and the state governments. Oppression comes from state police, while a federal agency runs government camps where migrants live decently and with self-respect.
Another fact to consider is that The Grapes of Wrath describes conditions that have changed in the decades since the 1930s. Therefore, you'd probably have no reason to keep it off the shelf anymore.
Still another approach to consider is that the book may contain nothing worth hiding. In fact, the Joads could well represent what's good about America. They possess courage, determination, generosity, and ruggedness- all qualities that we like to think define the American spirit.
14. The banks hate the sharecroppers, the Californians hate the migrants, the migrants hate their poverty. Readers sympathetic to Steinbeck's point of view may end up hating banks, police officers, landowners, shopkeepers, and anyone else who contributes to the migrants' plight. Surely, there's hatred in the novel. But simply because the novel contains examples of hatred, is it about hatred?
If so, it must be about other matters, too: love, courage, determination, socialism, prejudice, poverty, and much more.
The book makes frequent references, especially in Chapter 19, to a three-stage cycle of human emotions: 1. fear (Californians feared the migrants); 2. hatred (fear evolved into hatred); and 3. anger (the victims of hatred responded with anger). Reasonably, then, the book is about fear and anger as much as it is about hatred.
To claim that the book is solely about hatred may say more about the speaker than about the book.
15. The Okies have disappeared. The U.S. has a welfare system to keep even the poorest people from starving. Guards no longer stand at state borders to keep undesirables out. Labor unions protect workers and have become an accepted institution in American society. The Grapes of Wrath, therefore, has become an historical curiosity. That's one point of view.
Here's another: The Grapes of Wrath is more than a story about the Joads and their problems. The Joads represent all victims of oppression and poverty. They exemplify endurance and the will to survive. Ma is a mythic figure, the earth mother- nourishing, strong, and protective of her flock. Jim Casy symbolizes the good and moral man; Tom, the man of action who comes to the rescue when the people are in need. These are memorable characters who stand for values held as dear today as they were in 1939.
Until prejudice, deprivation, anger, and frustration are wiped out, we'll need books like The Grapes of Wrath to inspire us and to help us maintain our faith in humanity.
Al Joad's fiancee. After a string of many conquests, Al finally chooses to marry Aggie. His engagement causes him to leave the Joad family. BAKERSFIELD
A city in the heart of California's central valley. Thousands of migrants settled in the surrounding area. BLACK HAT
One of the residents at the government camp near Weedpatch. Pa Joad argues with him about whether workers should accept wages lower than the going rate. CENTRAL COMMITTEE
The ruling group of residents at the government camp. FLOYD KNOWLES
An inhabitant of Hooverville who informs Tom Joad about employers' exploitation of workers. Floyd is about to be arrested when Tom trips the deputy. HOOPER RANCH
A peach-growing farm. To work there the Joads unwittingly pass though a picket line led by Jim Casy. Outside the ranch Casy is killed and Tom is wounded. HOOVERVILLE
A term for the run-down villages of squatters' shacks in which migrant workers lived. HUSTON
The chairman of the Central Committee in the government camp. He devises the plan to prevent trouble at the Saturday night dance. JEHOVITE
Religious sect characterized by intense prayer meetings, wailing, moaning, and chanting. Granma Joad was a Jehovite; so was the woman who wanted to hold a meeting for her. JESSIE BULLITT
Chairman of the Ladies' Committee at the government camp. She takes pride in showing Ma the camp. JIM RAWLEY
Manager of the government camp. He surprises Ma by treating her respectfully. JULE
A resident of the government camp. A half-breed Indian, he helped subdue the intruders at the dance. MCALESTER
The Oklahoma penitentiary where Tom Joad spent four years. After breaking parole by crossing the state line, Tom could be sent back. MOJAVE
The California desert traversed by Route 66. Granma Joad died on the truck while the Joads were crossing it. NEEDLES
A town on the California state line. It's where state troopers "welcomed" the migrants to California. OKIES
A less-than-affectionate term for migrants. Basically, it means you're a son of a ***** and I hate your guts. PURTY BOY FLOYD
A notorious killer of the 1930s. Ma knew his mother. Ma hopes that imprisonment didn't turn Tom bitter, as it did Pretty Boy. ROUTE 66
The main highway west out of the Dust Bowl to California. In the 30s it was called the Migrant Road. SALLISAW
The town nearest the Joads' Oklahoma home. SAM BROWNE
The name of a broad leather belt worn by troopers. To the migrants it became a symbol of oppression. SANDRY
The deranged, Jesus-loving woman who scares the daylights out of Rose of Sharon at the government camp. Mrs. Sandry makes the poor girl think her baby will burn in hell. THOMAS
The farmer who's forced to pay workers less than they're worth. He informs Tom and the Wallaces that local hoodlums intend to disrupt the dance on Saturday night. TULARE COUNTY
Fruit-growing region in California. The Hooper Ranch is located there. TURNBULL
The man Tom Joad killed in a drunken brawl. Afterward Tom went to prison for four years. WAINWRIGHT
Family residing with the Joads in the same boxcar. Mrs. Wainwright assists Rose of Sharon in childbirth. Al Joad is engaged to Aggie Wainwright. WALLACE
Name of father and son who invite Tom Joad to work with them on a pipe-laying job near the government camp. WEEDPATCH
Nearest town to the government camp. WILSON
Sairy and Ivy Wilson join the Joad entourage for part of the trip from Oklahoma. Grampa dies in the Wilsons' tent; Tom and Al repair the Wilsons' old Dodge.
«جان اشتاین بک» در سال 1902 در «کالیفرنيا» و در خانواده اي از تبار ایرلندی به دنيا آمد. وي تحصیلات ابتدايي خود را در زادگاهش به پايان رساند و سپس در دانشگاه «استنفرد» (Stanford) در رشته زیست شناسی به ادامه تحصيل پرداخت و بی آنکه به دریافت مدرکی نایل آید، دانشگاه را ترک کرد و برای امرار معاش به کارهای کوچک مشغول شد. مدتی نیز خبرنگار مطبوعات بود، اما در آن توفیقی به دست نیاورد. در طی همين سالها اولین رمان خود را به نام «جام زرین» (Cup of Gold) در 1929 و سپس مجموعه ای از داستانهای کوتاه را با عنوان «چمنزارهای بهشت» (The Pstures of Heaven) در 1932 منتشر کرد. در 1935، انتشار رمان «تورتیلا فلت» (Tortilla flat) او را به شهرت و ثروت رساند. این رمان، شرح زندگی افراد رنگارنگ و جالب توجهی از جمله سرخپوستها، اسپانیاییها و سفیدپوستهاست که با روحی شاد و بیهیچ گونه قید و بند اخلاقی در کلبه های چوبی جنوب «کالیفرنیا» در میان فقر و بدبختی زندگی می کنند. واقع بینی به كار رفته در این داستان، سازگار با سرشت مردمی بود که از داستانهای رمانتیک خسته شده بودند. پس از آن، جان اشتاين بك، یک سلسله رمان اجتماعی با جهت گيري «ناتورالیسم»[*] منتشر كرد؛ از آن جمله می توان به رمان «نبردی مشکوک» (In Dubious Battle) (1936) - که سرگذشت اعتصاب کارگران کشاورز مزارع کالیفرنیا بود - اشاره کرد. او با سفر به اروپا از کشورهای اسکاندیناوی و روسیه دیدن کرد و دانش ادبی خود را تکامل بخشید. ثمره این سفر، نگارش مجموعه اي بود به نام «یادداشتهای روسیه» (A Russian Journal ) که احساس نویسنده را نسبت به شهر مسکو و به طور کلی، کشور شوروی نشان می داد. اشتاین بک در بازگشت به امریکا با قدرت بیشتري به نویسندگی پرداخت. وي کتاب «موشها و آدمها» ((Of Mice and Men را در 1937 نوشت که شهرتی حقيقي و ژرف برای نویسنده به همراه آورد. اين کتاب، شرح حال عجيبي است از دو کشاورز، که یکی از آنها با وجود نیروی جسمانی فراوان دارای مغز ضعیفی است و همین امر باعث مي شود تا پيوسته خود را تحت حمایت دیگری قرار دهد. اشتاینبک در این داستان به شیوه ای درخشان، همدردی خود را با مردم محروم بیان میکند. داستان «موشها و آدمها» در اروپا و امریکا به صورت نمایشنامه بر روي صحنه رفت و با كسب پیروزیهای فراوان، اشتاین بک را به عنوان برجسته ترین رمان نویس عصر معرفی کرد. پس از آن، مجموعه داستان کوتاه «دره طویل» (The Long Valley) در 1938 انتشار یافت و در 1939، مهمترین رمان اشتاین بک به نام «خوشه های خشم» (The Grapes of Wrath) منتشر شد که توصیفی هیجان انگیز از خانواده ای آواره و تیره روز بود. نویسنده در این اثر، امور عینی و ذهنی را درهم آمیخته و شاهکاری پدید آورد که او را در صف اول رمان نویسان معاصر امریکا قرار داد و جایزه «پولیتزر» (Pulitzer) را از آن او کرد. از آن پس، آثار اشتاین بک مطلوبيت گذشته خود را از دست داد و چنانکه مردم انتظار داشتند، امیدشان را برآورده نساخت. رمان «ماه پنهان است» (The Moon is Down) در 1942 و رمانهای دیگری که در این دوره انتشار یافت، هیچ یک پیروزی چشمگیری به دست نیاورد. جان اشتاین بک در 1943 و در طول جنگ دوم جهانی با سمت خبرنگار جنگی از طرف روزنامه «هرالد تریبون» به انگلستان و از آنجا به جبهه جنگ در منطقه مدیترانه فرستاده شد. وي پس از بازگشت به امریکا در 1945، داستان «راسته کنسروسازی» (Cannery Row) را منتشر کرد که نموداری از آثار رمانتیک دوره اول نویسندگی اش بود. پس از آن در 1947، رمان «اتوبوس سرگردان» ((The Wayward Bus را روانه بازار کرد. داستان «مروارید» ((The Pearl رمان دیگری بود که در 1947 منتشر شد و اثر گرانمايه اي به شمار مي رفت. اين داستان، آميزه ای از حقیقت و افسانه و نيز سرگذشت صیادی است که مروارید درشتی را که همه مردم از آن سخن مي گويند، صيد مي كند و دوباره آن را از دست می دهد. داستان «مرواريد» در نظر خواننده از جاذبه فراواني برخوردار است. وصف شهر، مردم و گوناگوني رويدادها که با آهنگها و نغمه های مختلف از قبیل نغمه خوشبختی، نغمه مروارید، نغمه خانواده، نغمه دشمنی و در پایان، نغمه بدبختی همراه است؛ سراسر دلنشین و تأثرآور و حاکی از لطافت ذوق است. از ديگر سفرنامههای او با نام «یکبار جنگی رخ داد» (Once there was a War)، در 1958 منتشر شد.
اشتاین بک در 1962 به دریافت جایزه ادبی نوبل نایل آمد. وی نویسنده ای گوشه گير و بی اعتنا نسبت به شهرت بود که در سالهای آخر زندگی، اثر جالب توجهی منتشر نکرد. نخستین آثار وی كه از ادراکی کامل درباره زندگی و نظری بلند و وسیع درباره مسائل انسانی برخوردار است، با روشی تغزلی[**]، حماسی یا طنزآمیز و لحنی واقعبینانه بیان شده و در ادبیات معاصر آمریکا مقام بالايي به دست آورده است.
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[*] مكتبي است كه به تقليد دقيق و مو به موي طبيعت توجه دارد و معتقد است كه طبيعت را بايد حتي الامكان مطابق با واقعيت و چنانكه هست، توصيف و مجسم كرد.
[**] تغزل به قسمت اول قصيده اي گفته مي شود كه در آن مضامين غزلي و عشقي باشد و سپس شاعر به مدح يا موضوع ديگري گريز بزند.
جان اشتاین بک (۲۷ فوریه ۱۹۰۲ - ۲۰ دسامبر ۱۹۶۸) یکی از شناخته شدهترین و پر خوانندهترین نویسندگان قرن بیستم آمریکا است.
او در سال ۱۹۶۲ برنده جایزه نوبل ادبیات شد. مشهورترین آثار او موشها و آدمها (۱۹۳۷) و کتاب برنده جایزه پولیتزر، خوشههای خشم (۱۹۳۹) هستند که هر دو نمونههایی از زندگی طبقه کارگر آمریکا و کارگران مهاجر در دوره رکود بزرگ هستند.
البته وی در اواخر عمر به مانند جرج اورول از مواضع چپ خود اظهار ندامت کرده و از جنگ آمریکا در ویتنام علیه حکومت کمونیستی آن نیز پشتیبانی کرد. حتی خود به ویتنام رفته و به قول خود از «عملیات قهرمانانه» سربازان آمریکایی گزارش تهیه میکرد.
روش خرید: برای خرید پس از کلیک روی
دکمه زیر و تکمیل فرم سفارش، ابتدا محصول مورد نظر را درب منزل یا
محل کار تحویل بگیرید، سپس وجه کالا و هزینه ارسال را به مامور پست
بپردازید. جهت مشاهده فرم خرید، روی دکمه زیر کلیک کنید.
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